AJ from Google quietly announced in the Google Web Search Help forums that Google is dropping the custom date range search filter specifically on mobile searches.
You are able to access this feature by doing a search on your mobile device and scrolling the search filters below the search box from left to right and then by clicking on search filters. You can then see the time filter. In there is currently a custom date range, that is going away soon.
The "custom range" feature will remain on desktop, but Google is removing it from the mobile version.
AJ wrote:
After much thought and consideration, Google has decided to retire the Search Custom Date Range Tool on mobile. Today we are starting to gradually unlaunch this feature for all users, as we believe we can create a better experience by focusing on more highly-utilized search features that work seamlessly across both mobile and desktop. Please note that this will still be available on desktop, and all other date restriction tools [e.g. "Past hour", "Past 24 hours", "Past week", "Past month", "Past year"] will remain on mobile.
Google keeps dropping more and more search filter options, so this should come as no surprise.
Forum discussion at Google Web Search Help.